When the season turns to spring, flowers begin to bloom, trees turn
green, and the sun shines longer. But if you’re like almost one-third of
adults in the U.S., you might be experiencing watery eyes, a tickly
throat, and a runny nose. With spring comes pollen, which makes
breathing air more difficult.
But it’s getting worse: With climate change shifting weather patterns
and causing an early, more extended pollen high, we could all be
sneezing more than usual. According to Dr. Kathleen May, president
of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology,
exposure to pollen repeatedly for extended periods may cause
symptoms in people not previously prone to allergies.
“If you live with seasonal allergies and feel like the pollen seasons
feel longer and longer every year, you may be right,” wrote Paul
Gabrielsen, a science writer at the University of Utah, in 2021.
“[P]ollen seasons start 20 days earlier, are 10 days longer, and
feature 21 percent more pollen than in 1990—meaning more days of
itchy, sneezy, drippy misery.” These facts came to light as part of
research conducted between 1998 and 2018 across the United
States and Canada. The research also found that climate change
alone contributed to an increase of about 8 percent in the amount of
pollen production.
In fact, according to a 2022 study published in the journal Nature, a
change in temperature leads to an increase in annual pollen
emissions by 16 to 40 percent. In the U.S., the continued release of
carbon dioxide from various polluting sources will eventually lead to a
200 percent increase in pollen by the end of the 21st century. Allergy
specialist Dr. Kari Nadeau, chair of the department of environmental
health at the Harvard School of Public Health, blames global
warming. “There are these extreme, chaotic conditions that climate
change is associated with,” Nadeau told Boston 25 News in March
- “And that warming is affecting our pollen seasons.”
Nadeau pointed out that climate change leads to trees “getting the
wrong message,” causing them to release pollen earlier than they
normally would. “So my patients, for example, otherwise would have
started allergy season in March, now they’re having allergy season
start January-February.”
Pollen: Pervasive Problem
One of the most common pollen allergies is hay fever, which isn’t
new. It was first described in 1819, when physician John Bostock
presented a novel case to the Medical and Chirurgical Society, calling
it a “[c]ase of a periodical affection of the eyes and chest.” It was the
first recorded description of what he later called “catarrhus aestivus or
summer catarrh,” which is now known as hay fever.
Hay fever has become increasingly common: According to the
Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America, approximately 81 million
people in the United States were diagnosed with hay fever in
2021—about one-quarter of adults and one-fifth of children. The
percentage of people with hay fever varies around the world: a 2022
study of 193,912 adults in 17 countries revealed a prevalence of 14.4
percent on average, ranging from 2.8 percent in Ibadan, Nigeria, to
45.7 percent in Bangkok, Thailand.
It’s the pollen that’s to blame for these symptoms. When plants
reproduce, they have to get their sex cells together. Pollen carries the
male sex cells so it has to be transferred to the female plant. Many
plants use insects, like bees, to transfer their pollen to other plants,
and others rely on wind. The wind-pollinated plants produce tiny, light
pollen that can be carried on a breeze—fantastic for their
reproduction, disastrous for our respiration.
Immune Response
When we inhale pollen grains, they can kickstart an immune
response in which our body is trying to attack them. Our immune
system can overreact to the harmless pollen: The sneezing, the
watery eyes, and the histamines that make your nose itchy are
designed to kill or eject the pollen. If you’re prone to allergic rhinitis,
the more pollen you’re exposed to, the worse your symptoms.
Not every person suffering from hay fever is, however, allergic to
every kind of pollen. It tends to be seasonal: In the spring, tree
pollens from birch, oak, and mountain cedar cause the most
problems, while grass and weeds like mugwort and nettle lead to
allergies in the summer, with weeds like ragweed (the leading cause
of hay fever nationwide) and fungus spores causing symptoms in
autumn.
These allergies have worsened over time thanks to climate change,
which is causing an increase in pollen release, likely due to the
flowers growing larger and producing more pollen. With colder
countries experiencing warmer weather due to global warming,
“pollen-producing plants are now able to [even] grow there,”
according to Nadeau.
In 2015, the World Allergy Organization, composed of more than 100
allergy and immunology societies from around the world, released a
statement warning that climate change will have an impact on when,
how long, and how bad the pollen season will be, “as well as the
allergenicity of the pollen.”
“The strong link between warmer weather and pollen seasons
provides a crystal-clear example of how climate change is already
affecting… [people’s] health across the U.S.,” said William Anderegg,
a biologist at the University of Utah, about research conducted by him
and his team that was published in the Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences in 2021.
“A number of smaller-scale studies—usually in greenhouse settings
on small plants—had indicated strong links between temperature and
pollen,” noted Anderegg. “This study reveals that connection at
continental scales and explicitly links pollen trends to human-caused
climate change.”
Warmer Weather Means More Pollen
A 2015 study published in PubMed showed that in the decade
between 2001 and 2010 in the U.S., pollen season started on
average three days earlier than it did in the 1990s.
What’s more, the amount of airborne pollen increased by more than
40 percent. “These changes are likely due to recent climate change
and particularly the enhanced warming and precipitation at higher
latitudes in the contiguous United States,” concluded the researchers.
Global warming is also increasing the number of people suffering
from hay fever, with extending warm periods, in turn, increasing the
time for pollination, according to an article in the New Scientist:
“Warmer temperatures signal to plants that it is time to reproduce,
leading to pollen seasons that typically start in the spring.”
Pollen Problem Fueled by Carbon Dioxide
While warmer temperatures have led to earlier and longer pollen
seasons and more pollen, rising carbon dioxide levels are also
helping plants produce more pollen. Plants feed on carbon dioxide,
so when there’s an abundance of it, they can produce more pollen.
Couple that with warmer temperatures, and you’ve got the ideal
conditions for plant growth and reproduction, which means more
allergens for us.
Take the invasive and highly allergenic plant ragweed, for example.
Referring to research published in 2005, a 2020 article in the
European journal Allergy stated that “recent and projected increases
in CO2 could directly increase the allergenicity of ragweed pollen and
consequently the prevalence and/or severity of seasonal allergic
disease.” The researchers concluded that “continuing increase in
atmospheric CO2 could directly influence public health by stimulating
the growth and pollen production of allergy-inducing species such as
ragweed.”
Another 2002 study, which looked at the effects of CO2 on ragweed
pollen production, stated that the doubling of CO2 in environmentally
controlled greenhouses resulted in ragweed pollen emissions
increasing by 61 percent.
Lewis Ziska, assistant professor at the Columbia Mailman School of
Public Health—who was previously a research plant physiologist with
the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)—said that the intensity of
an allergic reaction depends on how much pollen is released, the
duration of the exposure, and how allergenic the pollen is. In
ragweed, these three factors work strongly together. “What’s unique
about ragweed is that it produces so much pollen—roughly a billion
grains per plant,” Ziska said, according to a 2016 article written by
Charles W. Schmidt for the journal Environmental Health
Perspectives.
No Escape to the City
One might be tempted to think that hay fever would be less of a
problem in the city, away from all the trees and weeds, but the
opposite appears to be true. Similar results were observed outside
the lab in downtown Baltimore, where Ziska and his team planted
ragweed in 2002. The area was 3.5 degrees Fahrenheit warmer and
had 30 percent more carbon dioxide than the countryside. The
ragweed “thrived, growing bigger, and puffing out larger plumes of
pollen than its country counterpart,” reported Rachel Becker in the
Verge.
In fact, more vehicles and resulting CO2 emissions, urbanization, and
several other factors are causing “[a] greater presentation of
respiratory allergy caused by pollen in patients living in urban areas
compared with those living in rural areas.”
Ragweed may thrive in our cities, but there’s a more significant—and
taller—problem: The trees planted to provide shade and beauty are
making our allergies worse.
“Many people believe that the more trees you have in a city’s green
infrastructure, the more they act as a biofilter,” said Amena Warner,
head of clinical services at Allergy UK, during an interview. “But are
they the right kind of trees? In urban areas, particularly in London,
there’s a lean toward planting birch trees, which are highly allergenic.
When they’re in cities, people can’t escape the pollen easily, and it’s
virtually indestructible unless it’s wet.”
That means the pollen that collects on your clothes, the bottom of
your shoes, and in your hair during your afternoon stroll could plague
you until it rains or is washed away. That, said Warner, extends the
time you’re in contact with pollen, even out of pollen season. “The UK
has some of the highest prevalence rates of allergic conditions in the
world,” according to Allergy UK, with more than 20 percent of its
population suffering from one or more allergic disorders.
“It’s important that the right tree is planted in the right place,” said
Warner. “We want to raise awareness of why planting allergenic birch
trees in urban areas can increase hay fever and other respiratory
conditions.”
So, if we know the pollen from birch trees (and lots of others) is
causing allergic reactions, why are they still dominating our city
streets? “Mainly because they seem to be fashionable,” said Warner.
“They have this lovely silvery bark, and they’re long and graceful with
a beautiful sweeping canopy that gently sways in the wind. And they
don’t drop fruit—in a city, you want trees with a low cleanup cost.”
Keeping Hay Fever at Bay
There are alternatives: Not all tree pollen is allergenic. In 2010, a
report by the National Wildlife Federation called on states,
communities, and homeowners to “undertake smart community
planning and landscaping, with attention to allergenic plants and
urban heat island effects, to limit the amount of pollen and other
allergens that become airborne.”
One way to reduce the impact of hay fever in cities would be to use
the Ogren Plant Allergy Scale (OPALS), which rates trees in terms of
how allergenic they are. So when choosing your tree, whether you
plan to plant it in your garden or on the street, opt for something that
won’t make people sneeze.
As the climate continues to change and we see an increase in hay
fever, we’ll also notice a more significant impact on public health, not
least because “[a]sthma is found in up to 38 percent of people with
allergic rhinitis.” While urban planning may be out of our hands, there
are some things we can do to reduce the pollen problem.
David Mizejewski, a naturalist at the National Wildlife Federation and
a longtime allergy sufferer, gave some advice on things to keep in
mind while venturing outside during allergy season:
● Get an allergy test—that way, you can decide when’s best to go
outside
● Ask your doctor about allergens and what medication to take
● Check daily pollen counts and go out when they’re low
● Wash your clothes and yourself to remove trapped pollen, and
use nasal sprays
● Choose non-allergenic plants for your garden
● Plant female trees and shrubs (it’s the male plants that produce
pollen)
It’s important to remember that people with allergic rhinitis can
develop asthma, which can be serious. So, if your symptoms start to
affect your breathing, it’s best to consult a doctor.
According to a review in eBioMedicine, “Allergic respiratory diseases
are already serious public health challenges in many countries and
regions.” Continuing to ignore climate change will not only result in
irreversible damage to the planet, but it will also significantly impact
public health systems by increasing the prevalence and intensity of
allergies around the world.
Author Bio: Lucy Goodchild van Hilten is a contributor to the
Observatory and a writing fellow for Earth | Food | Life, a project of
the Independent Media Institute. She is a writer and editor with an
MSc in the history of science, medicine, and technology from Imperial
College London. She has served as assistant editor of Microbiology
Today and senior marketing communications manager for Life
Sciences at Elsevier. She set up Tell Lucy in 2014 with a mission to
make complex topics understandable and engaging through writing.
Find her online at telllucy.com and follow her on Twitter
@LucyGoodchild.